Bulletin of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Historical Sciences. Philosophy. Religious Studies

"The church is taken away by force": letters of complaint the authorities from the believers in Kazakhstan (1920-1940s)

2024-11-08T18:36:24+00:00

The article is devoted to one of the forms of interaction between believers of Kazakhstan and the authorities, namely, letters from citizens to the state authorities. These letters of complaint against the actions of local officials led to the emergence of a set of documents that were deposited in archival fund. They became the main documentary base of the research. The concept of cultural adaptation of ethnic groups was used as a methodology to characterise the mechanisms of adaptation of believers to the requirements of the anti-religious policy of the Soviet state. The systemic analysis of the documents showed the informational potential of believers' letters as a narrative base that allows reconstruction the history of relations between the Soviet state and religious organisations. The letters of believers’ form ideas about religious discourse and the spiritual state of society. They reflect the religious feelings of Soviet people and characterise the level of religiosity of society. They express the reaction of ordinary citizens to the confessional policy of the state and the methods of its implementation. The informative content of letters, as sources for research into the methods of religious legislation, is often more comprehensive than the content of official documents and reports.

Traditions of Charity in Education in Kazakhstan (19th century – early 20th century)

2024-07-09T13:02:30+00:00

Over the past thirty years, Kazakhstan has seen significant changes in the political, economic, and socio–cultural spheres, which have affected the lives of its citizens and their everyday reality. However, the values and social attitudes of modern society often do not meet the requirements of objective reality, which gives rise to the need to search for new guidelines. In this context, the formation of patriotism and the revival of moral ideals become important. An appeal to the rich historical heritage allows us to identify the fundamental values that ensured the survival and development of civilization in the past. In this regard, the authors set themselves the goal of examining the traditions of charity, including value orientations, motives for action, forms of self–organization, and aspects of spiritual culture. The traditions of charity operate in the discursive space of history; the authors consider its ideological foundations, socio–cultural dynamics, and practical manifestations. These traditions not only represent an important aspect of the historical process, but also reflect profound changes in society, contributing to the formation of the social and cultural context in which they exist. The study shows that despite the centuries–old history of charity, it remains an understudied socio–cultural phenomenon in the history of Kazakhstan. The authors pay special attention to charitable traditions in the field of education. Charitable activities during this period were actively supported by the state, the entire Kazakh population, private entrepreneurs, philanthropists, and the intellectual elite.

Book Review «The Mausoleum of Jochi Khan: History of Research». Collective monograph / Emma Usmanova (compiled, ed.-in-chief), Qanat Uskenbay, Mukhtar Kozha, Irina Panyushkina. Samarkand: International Institute of Central Asian Studies, 2024. 284 p

2024-08-28T08:10:45+00:00

Military symbols in the medieval turks (based on picturatory sources)

2024-07-05T07:00:24+00:00

This article explores the findings of a study on the military symbolism of medieval Turks. The research focuses on specific types, forms, and designs of military standards and insignia used by Turkic tribes during the period of the Turkic Khaganates, as well as their application in military practices. To date, the history of Turkic military symbols in the medieval era has not been thoroughly examined within domestic historical scholarship. This study utilizes visual materials, primarily the art monuments of the Turks and other Turkic-speaking tribes, as primary sources. Additional sources include information from written literature, as well as archaeological findings. A detailed and in-depth analysis of these visual, literary, and archaeological materials reveals that the ancient Turks had a comprehensive system of diverse military standards and insignia, which varied in purpose, design, and supplementary elements, determining the status of the standards and the rank of their bearers. This complex, multi-tiered system of military symbols reflects the history of the Turkic tribes, the social structure of Turkic society, levels of military hierarchy, and the centuries-old traditions of the Turkic nomadic military culture.

The hero of the novel by Jules Verne is the "Rebellious" khan of the Kazakh steppes of Kenesary

2024-11-13T12:30:02+00:00

The article is dedicated to an in-depth examination of the historical context surrounding the national liberation movement of the Kazakh people, led by the last independent khan of the Kazakh steppes, Kenesary Kasymov, during the 1830s and 1840s. It draws upon a wealth of recently unearthed archival materials from the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan, alongside the recently discovered source of the 19th-century 'Nasab-name-yi-Sadyk' – 'Pedigree of Sadyk'. The article is devoted to the biographies of Kenesary Khan and his son Sadyk, as well as to the field of Russian historiography. The relevance of this issue is twofold: firstly, due to the continued attention paid to the personality of Kenesary Khan in modern Kazakh society, and secondly, due to the limited historiographical tradition in the region, with only a handful of articles having been published on this topic in recent times.

Dynamics and Features of Unemployment in the Siberian Region in the Second Half of the 1920s

2023-10-05T05:22:16+00:00

The article analyzes the number of unemployed people in the Siberian Region in the second half of the 1920s, as well as the features of unemployment in the region. The relevance of the topic is determined by the persistence of this problem in the modern world, so a systematic study of the historical experience of regulating and limiting the growth of unemployment can be useful for reducing social difficulties in modern society. The policy of the Bolsheviks in the first post-war decade, including the introduction of the NEP and the weakening of the policy of strict regulation of the economy, caused an increase in the number of unemployed individuals in the Soviet state. During the period under review, the official unemployment in the USSR, in general, and in the Siberian Region, in particular, reached its maximum values compared to previous years, becoming stagnant. The real economic picture did not correspond to the ideological doctrine of the ruling party, which allowed unemployment only in capitalist countries. The work questions the thesis, entrenched in Soviet historiography, about the elimination of unemployment in the USSR in the early 1930s, and, based on various statistical data, a conclusion is made about the state of the labor market in the Siberian region in the second half of the 1920s.

The Some Problems of Sacralization at Memorial Sites in the Pavlodar Priirtysh Region: A Historical and Sociological Study

2024-08-02T05:33:26+00:00

This article is dedicated to analyzing the process of sacralization of memorial sites in the Pavlodar Irtysh region with a focus on the sociological aspect of this phenomenon. The study uses data from archival materials, scientific works of well-known researchers and local historians, as well as results from contemporary scientific studies to comprehensively examine both historical and modern aspects of sacralization. The main attention is given to analyzing the social and cultural factors that contributed to the sacred status of these sites, including the role of society in supporting and preserving cultural traditions, which enhances the cult significance of these memorial places. The article also highlights modern trends concerning these sites, including changes in perception and methods of preserving historical monuments. It examines the influence of these memorial sites on the formation of the cultural identity of the population, as well as their role in stimulating cultural exchange and strengthening public dialogue in the region. The study emphasizes the importance of integrating cultural heritage into modern society and identifies potential pathways for sustainable cultural development of the region, highlighting the necessity of active community involvement in preserving cultural heritage.

Geography of Jochi's campaigns in medieval Qazaqstan

2024-09-01T09:58:38+00:00

The article is devoted to the study of the historical geography of Jochi's military campaigns in the medieval Qazaq steppe. The eldest son of Genghis Khan, Jochi, participated in all the main military campaigns of the Mongolian troops. He led independent military campaigns against the "forest peoples" of Siberia, and together with his younger brothers led military detachments during the conquest of the cities of the Jin Empire. Nevertheless, he fully demonstrated his military talent in the war against the Kipchaks and Kangly, who settled in the modern territory of Qazaqstan. This region, called "Dasht-i Qypshaq" in medieval sources, was conquered thanks to the efforts of Jochi even before the start of the military campaign against the state of the Khorezmshahs. The article shows the process of gradual conquest of the Qazaq steppe by Jochi's troops. Several main geographical points of the conquest are highlighted, which are associated with the main river arteries of Dasht-i Qypshaq. The first stop of Jochi's troops in Qazaqstan was the Irtysh River in Eastern Qazaqstan , where they fought the Merkit army. The defeated Merkit fled further west and united with the Qypshaqs to once again oppose Jochi. Jochi's actions in Western Qazaqstan were concentrated on the Zhem and Yrgyz Rivers. Two battles with the Qypshaqs and the army of Khorezmshah Muhammad took place here. In 1219, Jochi's troops joined the main forces of Genghis Khan and participated in the conquest of cities on the Syr Darya and then besieged the capital of Khorezm, the city of Urgench. After the fall of Urgench, Jochi continued the war with the Qypshaqs and reached the Zhaiyk River. In 1223, he returned to the Syr Darya in Southern Qazaqstan and from there, after hunting with his father in the area of Qulanbasi, he went to the Irtysh. Here in Eastern Qazaqstan was the center of his new possessions, stretching from the Irtysh in the east to Zhaiyk in the west.

Belarus – Kazakhstan: opportunities for university cooperation of historians (To the anniversary of the academician of the Academy of History and Social Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Doctor of History (DHis), Full Professor Tlegen Sadykovich Sadykov)

2024-11-03T17:09:51+00:00

The article is devoted to study the experience of international cooperation of historical faculties between Belarusian State Pedagogical University named after Maxim Tank and L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Much credit in establishing friendly relations between structural subdivisions of the universities goes to the Academician T.S. Sadykov, a distinguished member of the Academy of History and Social Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, a Professor and a Doctor of Historical Sciences. His life and work are not just an example to follow but also a moral guide for the future generation. The objective of the work is studying the potential of developing bilateral Belarusian-Kazakh relations of university historians. The materials of the study are presented by the documents from the authors’ personal archives. The authors come to a conclusion that friendly and constructive Belarusian-Kazakh relations, thanks to balanced national policy and international dialogue conducted by Belarusian and Kazakh governments, should continue being among the promising areas of international cooperation of the two countries. This is especially relevant for the systems of higher historical education of the two countries.

Factors of formation of socio-cultural identity of Kazakh intelligentsia in the Imperial period (mid-19th – early 20th centuries)

2024-09-06T17:02:09+00:00

The article presents an analysis of the factors that shaped the socio-cultural identity of Kazakh intelligentsia during the imperial period. It draws upon the biographies of leaders from tribal steppe aristocracies and subjects of socio-political discourse from the mid-19th to early 20th centuries. It is established that the indigenous aristocracy in the circumstances of Russian colonization sought to preserve its status through contacts and merger with the imperial bureaucracy and state power. The policy of overcoming cultural differences in the practical activities of the imperial authorities was realized in relation to the indigeneous population by means of addressing Russian educational practices to the steppe aristocracy, which was considered as a tool of its incorporation into society. At the same time, the identity of the Kazakh aristocracy, which was formed in the sphere of influence of Russian educational institutions, had a dual character, which was conditioned by the complex socio-political and cultural context of internal colonization: the resettlement movement in the Steppe region, liberal reforms and counter-reforms, the growth of social consciousness, political and national radicalism. Being included in the system of administrative, military, socio-political processes taking place in the Russian Empire in the period under study, performing the functions of imperial experts and demonstrating servility to the state regime, representatives of the aristocratic elite were acutely aware of their involvement in the culture and behavior strategies of their compatriots, which contributed to the spread of anti-colonial, partly anti-Russian sentiments, strengthening national identity.

On the issue of the amnesty for the pregnant and having young children women prisoners from the Gulag: implementation of the Decree of August 26, 1950.

2024-05-26T17:42:36+00:00

The article examines the implementation of Decree No. 0589/183c of August 26, 1950 on the amnesty of pregnant women and women with young children from the Gulag. This amnesty is considered in the context of previous similar amnesties. A brief overview is given of the state of the Gulag system in the late 1940s and early 1950s, as well as the economic and social situation in the USSR during this period. The stages of implementation of the amnesty, the number and contingent of women released are analyzed. An overview of the interaction of the structures implementing the amnesty is given: the leadership of the camps, the prosecutor's office, and the district departments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Based on the reviewed archival materials, conclusions were drawn about changes in the assessment of crimes, from the point of view of their danger to the state: the contingent that was not released by the amnesty were women convicted for the economic crimes, mainly convicted by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of June 4, 1947, while women convicted as members of the families of traitors to the Motherland were given the opportunity to be released. The tasks set by the amnesty of August 26, 1950 were not fully realized due to the difficulties in the interaction of the structures that carried it out. About 5% of the total number of women with young children outside the camp remained in prison.

The analysis of the linguistic and philosophical paradigms based on the concept of discourse in the academic study of religion

2024-12-14T07:37:14+00:00

The article provides an overview of existing definitions, research and achievements in the field of linguistics and philosophy concerning the concept of discourse. Additionally, it offers a new analysis of discourse as a philosophical-linguistic phenomenon and paradigm. A review of studies on the concept and term "discourse" is provided, and the history of the formation of the concept of discourse analysis as a separate direction is analyzed. The directions of application of discourse as a term and concept in the context of modern science are shown. It also defines the philosophical aspect on the basis of the works of M. Foucault. In this regard, Foucault's theories also examine discourse as a coercive principle that causes people to feel fear and apprehension, as a great force that regulates inconsistencies, and as a tool for creating restrictive, and regulating processes. The rules on which discursive laws are based are considered, and their role in the formation of communicative competence is analyzed. The influence of extralinguistic features of discourse has been studied. The differences and connections between the macro and micro levels of the structure of the discourse are shown. An explanation and classification of discursive modes are given, their features are described. Schools conducting discursive research are shown and an overview of their methods is given. Attention is drawn to the importance and characteristics of oral discourse. The role of discourse in the establishment of linguistic communication is considered and conclusions are drawn.

The state and religious organizations in Кazakhstan in the 1940s-1990s: methodological aspects of studying the problem and systematization of source

2024-11-18T18:40:37+00:00

The state and religious confessions are the most important institutions of socio-political development of society, and the nature of the interaction of these institutions to a certain extent is an indicator of the civilization of society. The study and substantiation of the methodology for studying the interaction of the state and religious organizations in historical retrospect is relevant from the point of view of the need to generalize practical experience and extract lessons from the past. The theoretical and methodological basis for the study of state-religious relations in historical retrospect can be the principles of civilizational, institutional and interdisciplinary approaches. Each of them allows us to objectively and dynamically consider the evolution of interaction between the state and faiths in Kazakhstan in 1940-1990, to understand the cause-and-effect conditionality of the transformation of state religious policy, to identify and characterize regional specifics in the context of country-wide modernization processes, to summarize the regional historical experience of interaction between the state and religious organizations. The concept of cultural adaptation explains the mechanisms of habilitation of believers to changing political and legal realities.

Dhikr as a Psychological Method of Summoning Mystical States in Sufism

2024-12-05T06:12:23+00:00

The article describes some of the features of dhikr as one of the psychological methods of invoking mystical states (khal). As is widely recognized, tasawwuf is a state of human self-improvement (salika) under the guidance of a murshid. The process of self-perfection cannot be imagined without the participation of the mystical hal. The mystical hal is manifested in the form of emotional states such as joy and longing, peace and embarrassment and enters the hearts (kalb) of spiritual "travelers", i.e. saliks. The origin of the mystical khal depends on Allah, only he can give salik a certain khal. But there are certain ways in which the mystical hal is invoked. It is necessary to take into account one circumstance that the salik can use these methods, but whether he will feel the mystical hal in himself or not depends on Allah. These psychological methods of invoking mystical hal include dhikr, hilvat (seclusion), samo (dance), etc. In this article, dhikr is considered as one of the psychological methods of acquiring mystical hal. Dhikr is a Sufi meditative spiritual practice, which consists in repeated recitation of a prayer formula containing the glorification of God. Dhikr in the Naqshbandiya tariqah is the main way to acquire mystical states. We know that the main soliks from different tariqats used “zikri alonia” in the prktik, that is dhikri jahriya (carried out with the help of a voice). For example, in the tariqah of Khoja Ahmad Yassaviya, “dhikri arra” was used, that is, one of the types of "zikri zhakhriya". As is well documented, in the tariqat of Mavlaviya, the founder of which is Jalalidin Rumi, samo was used in the implementation of dhikr, i.e. a mystical dance. Soliks, some of the Attributes of Allah or Kalimai tawhid (Lo ilaha illalloh) sang like a song and danced, with the help of which they caused mystical states in themselves. It should be noted that such a practice was difficult for the common population. In the Naqshbandiyya tariqat, “zikri khufiya” was used, i.e. dhikr is carried out without the use of voice. Bahouddin Naqshband said that there are two types of dhikr: dhikri zhakhriya and dhikri khufiya. In view of the fact that dhikri khufiya balo is better than dhikri zhakhriya, the disciples of Naqshbandiy used dhikr khufiya. What is its psychological advantage in relation to dhikri zhahriya? The fact that the practice of dhikri zhahriya could be applied in certain places. Zikri khufiya is carried out under any conditions. Secondly, those who practice dhikri zhahriya, comparing themselves with those who do not do dhikr, may develop a sense of self-love. This is contrary to the basic rules of self-improvement. In the history of Sufism, it is written that the founder of the Khojagon tariqa, Abdukholik Gijhivani, taught Khidr alayhissals to use dhikr in an odd order. Dzhzhivani and his disciples used dhikri khufiya in practice. But after it, dhikri jahriya began to be used. This was until the time of Amir Said Kulol, who was approached by his disciple Bahouddin Naqshband regarding the use of dhikri khufiya. Amir Said Kulol refused, but did not forbid his student to use dhikri khufiya. Thus, since the time of Bahouddin Naqshband, the Naqshbandiya tariqat soliki has been using dhikri khufiya in the practice. The advantageous side of the dhikri khufiya is that the people had the opportunity to use dhikr at any place, i.e. at the workplace, on a trip, in a family, where he is mentally free. In short, the soliks had the opportunity to use dhikr on a regular basis. This rule is the reason why the Naqshbandiya tariqah has become tenacious.

Methods interpreting mutashabih verses

2024-11-18T18:33:27+00:00

Abstract: To ensure the preservation of religious identity and the socio-political harmony of society in contemporary settings, it is crucial to explore methods for accurately interpreting the Quranic verses, which form the foundation of our traditional beliefs, while addressing both theoretical and practical aspects. Contemporary religious scholars highlight the importance of investigating the unity of spiritual experiences, knowledge, and consciousness, alongside a proper comprehension of the Quranic verses and their implications. The scientific examination of sacred texts is fundamental for protecting society from misleading foreign religious ideologies and for establishing sound religious principles and belief systems. In this research, the authors analyzed the perspectives of ahlisunna scholars on anthropomorphic texts and investigated the connection between theological verses of the Quran and the fields of linguistics, rhetoric, and semantics. Emphasis was placed on concepts such as muhkam and mutashabih, along with various interpretations of mutashabih texts. The study identified methods for interpreting verses related to the attributes of the Creator and unveiled the reasons behind their varied interpretations. The perspectives of Kalam scholars on mutashabih texts were also articulated.

Key words: Mutashabih, anthropomorphism, interpretation, linguistics, rhetoric, semantics, muhkam, religious norms

Features of the Prophet Muhammad in public administration

2024-12-14T13:33:12+00:00

The content of the article is devoted to the events of the resettlement of the Prophet Muhammad to the city of Medina and the establishment of the Islamic state there. The article provides historical data on how the Prophet solved the problems of forming a state and governing the people, as well as on the systematic work he carried out on the path of spreading the religion of Islam. Since its inception, Islam has been a universal religion and has been recognized as the last and most perfect religion for all mankind. The last Prophet of the last religion ruled a strong and just state, possessing the qualities of tolerance, justice, diligence, honesty, sincerity, prudence, cooperation and kindness. After the Prophet Muhammad moved from Mecca to Medina, he was able to conclude a common agreement with the various ethnic groups of the city and set an example of fair governance. The Messenger of Allah never wavered in his loyalty to this agreement and perfectly fulfilled all his obligations and conditions. This example of governing the country, left by the Prophet, and the inherent dignity of governing the country have not lost their relevance to this day. At the same time, it is written about the leadership qualities of the Prophet, about the system that the Prophet created in accordance with the principles of Islam and democratic principles, as well as about the peculiarities of public administration.