Bulletin of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Historical Sciences. Philosophy. Religious Studies Series.

Review of the multi-volume book "Ak Zhol"

Khazretali Tursun — 2024-06-08

Abstract. In the history of the domestic press, the multi-volume publication of materials of the newspaper “Ak zhol”, which was persecuted by the Soviet ideology for its nationalist tendencies, is considered a significant event in the cultural life of the country. The authors of the multi-volume collection transcribed the national press materials from Arabic into Cyrillic script, provided explanation, a list of authors, dictionary of abbreviated and foreign words and concepts. The newspaper materials that were inaccessible to researchers and readers were introduced into scientific circulation. Purpose and objectives. The purpose of the study is a critical analysis of the collection published as a cultural heritage. Consequently, the articles included in the collection were classified according to the positions of formation and propaganda of the national idea. An analysis of individual articles of authors and editors was carried out. The influence of the newspaper on the socio-political process in the Turkestan region, as well as the closure of the newspaper due to ideological pressure has been determined. Results. The ideological continuity of the newspaper “Ak zhol” with the newspaper “Kazakh”, and the commonality of political and spiritual positions on the national values have been revealed. Conclusion. During data analysis the conclusion was about applied value of the collection for research aimed at the scientific restoration of historical and cultural processes of the early 20th century.

Memorial monuments of early and medieval nomads of the archaeological complex Kokentau

Aidyn Zhuniskhanov — 2024-06-08

The article presents the results of field research and interpretation of materials from memorial complexes of ancient and medieval nomads of Kokentau archaeological microregion. The monument is located in the Zhana Semey district of the Abai region. The authors are conducting work in this archaeological microregion to identify, systematize, study, and introduce memorial sites into scientific circulation. The proposed article is one of the first attempts to introduce into scientific circulation memorial sites of the early Saka and ancient Turkic periods. The first evidence of the utilization of sacred space in the Kokentau mountain range begins in the Neolithic period. Ancient people began to erect burial-memorial structures to perpetuate the memory of their deceased compatriots, where various memorial rituals were conducted. The main component of the memorial tradition is the burial mound, but also included are fences, megalithic structures, and stone sculptures. The authors of the article, based on the materials of the Kokentau mountain range, demonstrate how changes in society's religious worldview influenced the architectural layout of memorial sites and rituals. The chronological framework of the "eight-stone" structures was determined based on comparative and radiocarbon analysis. Comparative analysis methods with similar objects from the Semirechye and Sayan-Altai regions were used to determine the time of construction of the ancient Turkic fence.

Distribution of deer stones and migration of the Scythians

Karzhaubay Sartkozhauly — 2024-06-08

In the article, in addition to the classification and chronology of deer stones created by the ancient nomadic Scythians (Oghuz) in their ancestral home of Central Asia, the author made an attempt to present the history of the ancient nomads in a new way through the prism of their cultural values. Today, archeology has grown stronger, discovered many heritage sites and is now studying their secrets from new angles. One of these secrets are deer stones, which are already familiar to people, but the author showed that these deer stones are the real roots and material value of the ancient history of the entire Turkic world. In addition, the author shows the chronology of the deer stones by considering the location of their origin, as well as the migration of the ancient Oghuzs following the migration of the ancient Sumerians and Hellenes from Central Asia to Europe.

The «third» and the «fourth» places in the post-pandemic period: popularity and transformation of leisure culture practices.

Zhanar Abildinova — 2024-06-08

The trend of leisure practices’ transformation as a result of the post-pandemic period is an inevitable process. Therefore, an attempt to observe and analyze changes in certain areas in the social life in this period seems to be an extremely important and timely matter that meets the needs of public consciousness today. Based on theoretical ideas about the «leisure class» of T. Veblen, the «third place» of R. Oldenburg and the «fourth place» of A. Morrison, leisure practices were analyzed during the post-Covid-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan’s Google segment, taking into account user’s queries in the Internet. A comparative analysis of the dynamics of popularity of various leisure practices in Kazakhstan over the past 5 years has also been performed. The results of the research can be used as initial data when planning, opening or running a business in the leisure sector, and may also be of interest to other researchers of leisure culture. According to the results in this paper and comparison of the popularity of «mass» leisure practices or «third places» with «fourth» ones, the former showed unprecedented popularity in comparison with the latter, which led to the thesis about some shortage of «third» places with an atmospheric atmosphere and modern trendy design, and also the lack of development of a qualitative concept for «fourth places», due to their relative unpopularity among the population.

Resettlement of Ethnic Koreans in South Korea: A Comprehensive Review.

Nurken Aitymbetov — 2024-06-08

In this article, authors delve into the historical journey of ethnic Koreans relocating to South Korea from CIS countries, where they are commonly referred to as «koryoin» or «koryo-saram». The study conducted by the authors meticulously analyzes the migration patterns of Korean repatriates, identifying key stages and motivations for returning to their ancestral homeland. Furthermore, the research sheds light on the legislative frameworks and policy changes implemented by the South Korean government to facilitate the smooth integration of repatriates. By examining the evolution of these laws and initiatives, we gain insight into the structured mechanisms developed over years of experience to support this migration flow. One crucial aspect explored in this study is the challenge of integrating ethnic Koreans into the host society, which manifests at various levels influenced by subjective perspectives. The article highlights the obstacles they encounter in their new environment. Notably, repatriates have formed close-knit networks to navigate these challenges, albeit posing potential disruptions to societal stability and security in South Korea. Consequently, the imperative of addressing the integration of «koryo saram» and other ethnic Koreans into the broader society emerges as a pressing concern for South Korea. By fostering a deeper understanding of these integration dynamics and advocating for inclusive practices, South Korea can strive towards a more cohesive and harmonious multicultural landscape.

National idea in philosophy: meaning and values

Samal Mamytova — 2024-06-08

The formation of a national idea among any people is influenced by historical, cultural, spiritual, psychological and other factors that were characteristic of the national identity. Culture and spirituality are the source of the national idea and always coexist with the people and society. Every nation its own way of forming the national idea, which reflects the traditional values and characteristics of society. In addition, the connection between the national idea and the culture of the people, which is characterized as the most basic category of philosophy, is especially important. In the countries and peoples of the world, the significance of the national idea and its values is very deep, and it has developed along with philosophical values. This scientific article examines the national idea and its essence and values in philosophy. Various approaches to understanding the national idea in philosophy are analyzed, and the main trends are identified. Special attention is given to the influence of the national idea on the formation of social values and the worldview. The study also explores the role of the national idea in modern society and its impact on socio-cultural processes. The main scientific task of the research work is that it considers the national idea that has developed in any state as a philosophical category. The national idea of the Kazakh people and their philosophy have been chosen as the main example and object of scientific work. In this regard, a historical and philosophical analysis of the national idea of the Kazakh people and its formation is carried out.

Concepts of an ideal city in the history of philosophy.

Mira Manassova — 2024-06-08

This article reviews the primary ideas that have been proposed about the «ideal city» from the time of ancient civilization to the present, and it draws key findings that are important for comprehending the details of contemporary urban development. The article pays a lot of attention to the social essence of the dynamics of the city, ideas about the ideal organization of urban space and its infrastructure. The comparison of modern models of the ideal city with the views of Plato, Aristotle, Al-Farabi and other thinkers and scientists on the ideal city testifies to the importance of these ideas. The authors consider the evolution of ideas about the geometry of urban space, conditioned by certain socio-ethical, aesthetic, mythological and religious priorities, basic scientific concepts and prevailing worldviews, as well as practical tasks of ensuring the safety of the city. Projects of urbanization and social reconstruction, where the ideas of spiritual and moral transformation of man and society prevail, for all their utopianism, cannot sink into the past. They encourage thinking about the possibility of building models of urban and social reconstruction that meet millennial aspirations for security, justice, the common good, and comfort. The article draws attention to the growing negative consequences of the urbanization process, the need for a serious justification of the policy of formation and development of megacities, its implementation taking into account the principle of multifactoriality.

Transformation of Public Consciousness: Based on the Image of Saints in the Mangistau Region and Uzbekistan.

Abzal Omirbay — 2024-06-08

This article presents the results of studies on the local population's perception and pilgrimage to saints in cities such as Tashkent, Samarkand, and Bukhara of the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as the Mangystau region of Kazakhstan. The study explores the development of the concept of the sacred in the Turkic steppes, the adoption of Islam by the local populace, the impact of the Soviet government's political actions at the beginning of the 20th century on the concept of the sacred, and the efforts by Kazakhstan since its independence to revive this concept. The data presented in the works of domestic and foreign researchers is analysed in order to determine the basis of continuity between the saints, irrespective of their region and time period of life. This analysis particularly focuses on ancient madrassas, which serve as the foundation for the succession of saints. The study examines the similarities and differences in the transformed perceptions of pilgrims about historical figures remembered in folk memory as saints. Additionally, it explores how holy places can be transformed into centers of tourism or sources of income for society.

Aestheticization of media communication in the context of social reality aestheticization.

Aksana Ulanovich — 2024-06-08

Aestheticization of social reality is a multifaceted process that affects various areas of social space and manifests itself as a reconstruction of social relations, social practices and the knowledge. Despite the active use of the term «aestheticization» in the scientific space and in creative activity, the categorical essence of this term remains uncertain, and there is no comprehensive understanding of the essence of the process of aestheticization. In the focus of existing scientific researches in this area are particular manifestations of aestheticization: the aestheticization of politics, science, history, war, violence, death, the aestheticization of everyday life, etc. In our research, we resorted to the historical, epistemological and ontological foundations of aesthetics, which allowed us to suggest a general scientific vision of aestheticization as a macro-process of semantic reconstruction of social reality; develop its three-aspect structure, highlighting the perceptual, axiological and pragmatic aspects. The conceptual foundations of aestheticization thus formed, allowed us to further offer an understanding of the process of aestheticization of media communication that is currently essential. Its essence is to rely on sentient intelligence and smart emotions of the recipient in building the communicative process and in choosing its forms and means. In aestheticized media communication, visual-sensuous and expressively emotive elements dominate over rational ones; imagery, affect and effect are emphasized. By creating new sensually expressive and attractive mass images, media communication not only modifies the forms of sensory perception, but changes the structural archetypes of the modern «media man» and transforms social perception. This reveals the potential of aestheticization in the «fundamental ideological reconstruction» of society (T. Eagleton) through the «aesthetic modulation of the human psyche» (F. Schiller).

«The Secret History» – the cultural heritage of the nomads of Central Asia.

Saira Shamakhay — 2024-06-08

The article presents the results of an analysis of the «The secret history», a monument of writing of the XIII century. It makes important discoveries regarding the place that this cultural text occupies in the spiritual culture of the peoples of Central Asia, the ways through which it has reached our days and the phenomenon of continuity. The «The secret history» is a genealogy of the ancestors of the world-famous conqueror Genghis Khan, dating from the beginning of the VIII century, continued during his reign during the lifetime of Genghis Khan himself and completed in 1240 under Crown Prince Ogedei Khan. The value of the chronicle lies in the fact that it contains detailed information about the cultural, spiritual, social, and political phenomena that took place in the history of the medieval nomadic Turks, their worldview, intertribal and tribal relations, and the rulers who ruled the country.

The article examines the internal connections in the text of the «The secret history», contextual elements, connections of epic poems-dastans of the Turkic peoples with historical documents that have become sources of the chronicle. Genotheism, the ancestor of Borte-Chino from the «The secret history» is considered by analogy with the batyr Borte-Chino from the medieval history of the Turkic peoples. Important information and information from the «The secret history» through the heirs of Genghis Khan, who ruled over various states of Central Asia, formed the basis for the appearance of numerous genealogies with similar content and motives. Based on the study of the spiritual heritage of the Turks who lived in the Great Steppe before and after the appearance of Genghis Khan, issues of succession of generations, influence on subsequent chronicles, the «The secret history» is assessed as a very valuable monument, a common cultural heritage for the peoples of Central Asia. The results of the study show the importance of fundamental study of the «The secret history» in the context of preserving the cultural heritage of Central Asia. The article focuses on the importance of in-depth analysis of the original of this monument of writing, taking into account the role of the «The secret history» in the formation of the cultural mosaic landscape of the Kazakhs.

What are the photos talking and silent about? (1926 in the history of the Soviet ethnopolitical elite)

Dina Amanzholova — 2024-06-08

In the mid-1920s, important events took place in the development of Soviet ethnonational politics. They were associated with the active actions of ethnopolitical elites in the center and autonomies of the RSFSR. Following the IV meeting of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) with responsible workers of the national republics and regions in 1923, the adoption of the Constitution of the RSFSR in 1924, the constitutions of the autonomies were developed and legal, organizational and other management mechanisms were clarified. An important role was played by the so-called "Ryskulov meeting" held in Moscow at the end of 1926. It took place during the III session of the Central Executive Committee of the 12th convocation, the participants of which are depicted in two photographs. Having a typical character, the photographs nevertheless capture not only the international composition of the Soviet elite. Despite considerable attention to the publication of visual sources and their involvement in the relevant historical context, much remains "behind the scenes". All the characters in the photographs have not been identified, the event series and the problem field associated with them have not been reconstructed. In combination with the available published and archival sources, their analysis makes it possible to present in more detail the specifics and conflicts of the relationship between the center and the ethnopolitical leaders of the autonomous regions of the RSFSR, as well as the essence of the problems of nation-building, social and economic development that were solved jointly by all parties. Important details of the history of federal construction in the USSR and the contribution of national figures to the development of Soviet statehood are clarified. A large place is devoted to the political consequences of this meeting in the autonomous regions of the RSFSR, including in Kazakhstan.

Historical analysis of entrepreneurial activity in the second half of the 19th to the early 20th century (using the example of Eastern Kazakhstan)

Bakyt Atantayeva — 2024-06-08

This research analyzes and studies entrepreneurial activities in the Zaysan region during the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Nestled in East Kazakhstan, Zaysan City serves as a treasure trove of historical insights into entrepreneurial pursuits. Throughout this epoch, notable trade hubs burgeoned within urban centers and expansive settlements like Semey, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Zaysan, and Kokpekti, all situated within the East Kazakhstan Region. This proliferation of commerce was emblematic of the region's stature as a pivotal nexus of trade and economic activity during this period. The study includes an analysis of factors that influenced the development of entrepreneurship in Zaysan, such as the city's geographical location, the presence of waterways, trade routes, and connections with other regions. Additionally, the research examines the impact of political and socio-economic conditions, including demographic changes and shifts in the region's ethnic composition, on the development of entrepreneurship. Moreover, the research analyzes the role of entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship in Zaysan's economic life. It highlights their contributions to the development of the city and the region as a whole. The study gives special attention to the philanthropic activities of entrepreneurs in areas such as education and cultural advancement, among others.

Theoretical and methodological aspects of the social status of bais in Kazakh society

Gulzhan Yermenbayeva — 2024-06-08

The social order of Kazakh society, taking into account its specific features, was determined by both economic and traditional factors. These factors affected the social stratification of the population. the new formation, affluent individuals, known as bais, began to play an increasingly important role. The status of a bai combined two aspects – an economic and a political one. In the social structure, their economic importance was defined by the size of their property, as wealth was a key factor in achieving a “prosperous and peaceful life”. This, in turn, ensured their political importance and influence. In historiography, there is no universally recognized understanding of the functional differences of bai from other social groups. The available material implies a wide range of interpretations: a bai could be a merchant, a wealthy livestock owner, an entrepreneur who appeared in the wake of economic reforms in the second half of the 19^th century. In addition, the term “bai” could be used to refer to any wealthy person, while a social group is an association of people based on common characteristics, they are grouped into one social stratum. This article is aimed to analyze the theoretical and methodological aspects of the social status of baistvo in the Kazakh society.

The transformation of the institute of bais in the conditions of modernization processes of the 19th – early 20th centuries

Svetlana Kovalskaya — 2024-06-08

The article is devoted to the study of the social and institutional history of the prosperous estate of a nomadic society – the Kazakh bais. The main content of the topic of this study is the history of the bais estate as a social community – its condition, social behavior, place and role in the system of social relations, sources of material well-being, social alliances and conflicts, social preconditions and consequences of political, cultural and economic transformations. Integration of the Kazakh economy into the system of the all-Russian economy in the second half of the 19th century caused changes in the social stratification of the traditional nomadic society. The category of wealthy individuals – bais had begun to play an increasing role in its structure. The article is aimed at studying the traditional authoritу – bais, its transformation in the conditions of change of socio-economic and political life in the Kazakh territory under the influence of strengthening of colonial policy and penetration of elements of the market economy in the 19th – early 20th centuries. The methodological basis of the article is the theory of modernization and frontier modernization. Being part of the Russian Empire, Kazakhstan in the 19th – early 20th centuries actually was a frontier zone. As a result of the study, it was revealed that bais, actively involved in the sphere of commodity-money relations, used intensive forms of livestock breeding. By increasing the number of livestock, bais formed initial capital, which contributed to the development of entrepreneurship and trade. This, in turn, intensified charitable activities.

The Visibility of Religion and Religious Symbols in the Public Sphere in Central Asian Countries

Dauirjan Byerdimurat — 2024-06-08

The Central Asian countries endured nearly seven decades of Soviet rule under the USSR, during which all manifestations of religious expression were suppressed, and religion was systematically marginalized from the public domain. However, following their independence in 1991, there has been a discernible surge in the prominence of religion within the Central Asian states. Despite the contentious nature of its resurgence, there has been a rapid revitalization of religious practices, evidenced by the establishment of mosques and madrasas, and a noticeable integration of religion into public life. Concurrently, these nations have remained steadfast in their commitment to maintaining secular institutions, including politics and education. Through a sociological lens, this article endeavors to investigate the role of religion and the utilization of religious symbols within the public sphere of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan—representative of the Central Asian states in the post-independence era.

Adapting Religious Orientation Scales for Muslim Contexts: theoretical review

Mazhiev Gilimbek — 2024-06-08

Even though the scale of religious orientation has a long history of development, it has not yet entered scientific circulation on the territory of modern Kazakhstan. In particular, no special research tests on the Intrinsic and Extrinsic and, Quest scale were carried out on the territory of the country. After all, the scale of religious orientation is not adapted to the Society of Kazakhstan. Therefore, for the development of the Kazakhstan model of the scale of religious orientation, it is necessary to take into account, first of all, the religious and cultural space of the country. Considering that Kazakhstan, being a secular country, is dominated by Muslims, it is important to study the scope of application of the scale of religious orientation in Muslim society. The study aims to analyze the theoretical aspects of adaptation of the scale of religious orientation in the Kazakhstan space and to scientifically substantiate the possibility of its use in future research. In the course of the study, the main works of Khan and Waston and Ji and Ibrahim were taken into account. To achieve the goal of the study, a critical analysis of the main works and a comparative approach were used. As a result of the study, it became clear that both works had a scientific contribution. However, since the Khan and Waston studies were conducted primarily in Islamic countries such as Pakistan, there is an adaptation to the culture of these Islamic countries. It was concluded that the Intrinsic and Extrinsic scales used in the Ji and Ibrahim studies have the potential to adapt to the Society of Kazakhstan.

Religious Component in Deradicalization and Rehabilitation Programs for Followers and Victims of Religiously Motivated Extremism: World Experience and Kazakhstan.

Shapoval Yulia — 2024-06-08

The article examines the role of the religious component in various deradicalization and rehabilitation programs for the followers and victims of religiously motivated extremism. The author identifies three approaches to deradicalization and rehabilitation work. The first approach is the theological re-education model with the key role of the religious component. The second approach is the model of deradicalization, rehabilitation and reintegration in the European context in which the religious component is insignificant or absent. The third approach is the model of comprehensive deradicalization and rehabilitation in which all components are proportionally represented. The analysis of the Kazakhstani program has shown its similarities with the model of theological re-education. After the humanitarian operation "Jusan" for the returning Kazakhstani citizens from the zones of terrorist activity in Syria, the "turn to psychology" began, which allows us to speak about the strengthening of the psychological component of the deradicalization and rehabilitation program. Currently, a balanced approach to deradicalization and rehabilitation is being sought, taking into consideration the complexity of radicalization factors, gender, age and life experience of the participants. This will make it possible to achieve successful rehabilitation and reintegration as well as resistance to the risks of re-radicalization.

«Churchification of Islam» – a by-product of governance of religion in contemporary nation states

Egdūnas Račius — 2024-06-08

The article looks at the governance of Islam in contemporary nation states through the prism of what is called ‘churchification’ of Islam. The notion of church here is taken as a pure sociological category free of any Christian connotations, although, admittedly, the early stage of conceptualization of church sociologically, by Ernst Troeltsch and Max Weber, was to a great extent based on analysis of Christian colletivities. It is argued in the article that the observed phenomenon of ‘churchification of Islam’ is a constitutive feature or even a by-product of governance of Islam in such Muslim-minority contexts as Europe. The article further argues that ‘churchification of Islam’ may be a useful analytical tool in not only explaining the dynamics of institutionalization of Islam in Muslim-minority contexts, like Europe, but could be extended to Muslim-majority contexts.

The Historiography of Uzbek Khanates of the 18th – the 19th Centuries: Materials on the Historical Geography of Central Asia

Zhuldyz Tulibayeva — 2024-06-08

This article examines historical works from the 18th to the 19th centuries, created in Mawarannahr in Chagatai and Persian languages and containing materials on the historical geography of Central Asia. The purpose of this study is to identify and introduce into scientific discourse the most valuable information on the historical geography of Central Asia contained in the historical works of local authors of the 18th – the 19th centuries. The identified factual material from written monuments of Uzbek khanates has shown that the considered narrative sources contain rich historical and geographical material on the states, appanage possessions, and vilayets of the region. The data of historical works allow us to trace administrative and territorial changes that took place in Central Asia. Historiographers of Bukhara, Khiva, and Kokand, while telling about feuds in the region, describing military campaigns of the supreme rulers of khanates, provide numerous data on vilayets, cities, villages, and fortresses, report on the construction of new fortresses, mention known and little-known roads, water resources of the region, used crossings and bridges. The authors of historical works of the 18th – the 19th centuries, when describing the events that took place in the region, included in their works unique information and facts that are absent in other chronicles but essential for a more comprehensive representation of the historical geography of the region of the past centuries. Nevertheless, much of the geographical information contained in the Khiva, Kokand and Bukhara works of the 18th – the 19th centuries are still insufficiently studied and remains to be thoroughly researched.