Bulletin of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Historical Sciences. Philosophy. Religious Studies

"The church is taken away by force": letters of complaint the authorities from the believers in Kazakhstan (1920-1940s)

Galya Alpyspaevа — 2024-12-08

The article is devoted to one of the forms of interaction between believers of Kazakhstan and the authorities, namely, letters from citizens to the state authorities. These letters of complaint against the actions of local officials led to the emergence of a set of documents that were deposited in archival fund. They became the main documentary base of the research. The concept of cultural adaptation of ethnic groups was used as a methodology to characterise the mechanisms of adaptation of believers to the requirements of the anti-religious policy of the Soviet state. The systemic analysis of the documents showed the informational potential of believers' letters as a narrative base that allows reconstruction the history of relations between the Soviet state and religious organisations. The letters of believers’ form ideas about religious discourse and the spiritual state of society. They reflect the religious feelings of Soviet people and characterise the level of religiosity of society. They express the reaction of ordinary citizens to the confessional policy of the state and the methods of its implementation. The informative content of letters, as sources for research into the methods of religious legislation, is often more comprehensive than the content of official documents and reports.

Traditions of Charity in Education in Kazakhstan (19th century – early 20th century)

Gulfairus Zhapekova — 2024-12-08

Over the past thirty years, Kazakhstan has seen significant changes in the political, economic, and socio–cultural spheres, which have affected the lives of its citizens and their everyday reality. However, the values and social attitudes of modern society often do not meet the requirements of objective reality, which gives rise to the need to search for new guidelines. In this context, the formation of patriotism and the revival of moral ideals become important. An appeal to the rich historical heritage allows us to identify the fundamental values that ensured the survival and development of civilization in the past. In this regard, the authors set themselves the goal of examining the traditions of charity, including value orientations, motives for action, forms of self–organization, and aspects of spiritual culture. The traditions of charity operate in the discursive space of history; the authors consider its ideological foundations, socio–cultural dynamics, and practical manifestations. These traditions not only represent an important aspect of the historical process, but also reflect profound changes in society, contributing to the formation of the social and cultural context in which they exist. The study shows that despite the centuries–old history of charity, it remains an understudied socio–cultural phenomenon in the history of Kazakhstan. The authors pay special attention to charitable traditions in the field of education. Charitable activities during this period were actively supported by the state, the entire Kazakh population, private entrepreneurs, philanthropists, and the intellectual elite.

Book Review «The Mausoleum of Jochi Khan: History of Research». Collective monograph / Emma Usmanova (compiled, ed.-in-chief), Qanat Uskenbay, Mukhtar Kozha, Irina Panyushkina. Samarkand: International Institute of Central Asian Studies, 2024. 284 p

Hiroyuk Nagamine — 2024-12-08

Military symbols in the medieval turks (based on picturatory sources)

Kaliolla Akhmetzhan — 2024-12-08

This article explores the findings of a study on the military symbolism of medieval Turks. The research focuses on specific types, forms, and designs of military standards and insignia used by Turkic tribes during the period of the Turkic Khaganates, as well as their application in military practices. To date, the history of Turkic military symbols in the medieval era has not been thoroughly examined within domestic historical scholarship. This study utilizes visual materials, primarily the art monuments of the Turks and other Turkic-speaking tribes, as primary sources. Additional sources include information from written literature, as well as archaeological findings. A detailed and in-depth analysis of these visual, literary, and archaeological materials reveals that the ancient Turks had a comprehensive system of diverse military standards and insignia, which varied in purpose, design, and supplementary elements, determining the status of the standards and the rank of their bearers. This complex, multi-tiered system of military symbols reflects the history of the Turkic tribes, the social structure of Turkic society, levels of military hierarchy, and the centuries-old traditions of the Turkic nomadic military culture.

The hero of the novel by Jules Verne is the "Rebellious" khan of the Kazakh steppes of Kenesary

Alexander Kadyrbayev — 2024-12-08

The article is dedicated to an in-depth examination of the historical context surrounding the national liberation movement of the Kazakh people, led by the last independent khan of the Kazakh steppes, Kenesary Kasymov, during the 1830s and 1840s. It draws upon a wealth of recently unearthed archival materials from the Central State Archive of the Republic of Kazakhstan, alongside the recently discovered source of the 19th-century 'Nasab-name-yi-Sadyk' – 'Pedigree of Sadyk'. The article is devoted to the biographies of Kenesary Khan and his son Sadyk, as well as to the field of Russian historiography. The relevance of this issue is twofold: firstly, due to the continued attention paid to the personality of Kenesary Khan in modern Kazakh society, and secondly, due to the limited historiographical tradition in the region, with only a handful of articles having been published on this topic in recent times.

Dynamics and Features of Unemployment in the Siberian Region in the Second Half of the 1920s

Natalia Potapova — 2024-12-08

The article analyzes the number of unemployed people in the Siberian Region in the second half of the 1920s, as well as the features of unemployment in the region. The relevance of the topic is determined by the persistence of this problem in the modern world, so a systematic study of the historical experience of regulating and limiting the growth of unemployment can be useful for reducing social difficulties in modern society. The policy of the Bolsheviks in the first post-war decade, including the introduction of the NEP and the weakening of the policy of strict regulation of the economy, caused an increase in the number of unemployed individuals in the Soviet state. During the period under review, the official unemployment in the USSR, in general, and in the Siberian Region, in particular, reached its maximum values compared to previous years, becoming stagnant. The real economic picture did not correspond to the ideological doctrine of the ruling party, which allowed unemployment only in capitalist countries. The work questions the thesis, entrenched in Soviet historiography, about the elimination of unemployment in the USSR in the early 1930s, and, based on various statistical data, a conclusion is made about the state of the labor market in the Siberian region in the second half of the 1920s.

The Some Problems of Sacralization at Memorial Sites in the Pavlodar Priirtysh Region: A Historical and Sociological Study

Madi Rakhimov — 2024-12-08

This article is dedicated to analyzing the process of sacralization of memorial sites in the Pavlodar Irtysh region with a focus on the sociological aspect of this phenomenon. The study uses data from archival materials, scientific works of well-known researchers and local historians, as well as results from contemporary scientific studies to comprehensively examine both historical and modern aspects of sacralization. The main attention is given to analyzing the social and cultural factors that contributed to the sacred status of these sites, including the role of society in supporting and preserving cultural traditions, which enhances the cult significance of these memorial places. The article also highlights modern trends concerning these sites, including changes in perception and methods of preserving historical monuments. It examines the influence of these memorial sites on the formation of the cultural identity of the population, as well as their role in stimulating cultural exchange and strengthening public dialogue in the region. The study emphasizes the importance of integrating cultural heritage into modern society and identifies potential pathways for sustainable cultural development of the region, highlighting the necessity of active community involvement in preserving cultural heritage.

Geography of Jochi's campaigns in medieval Qazaqstan

Qanat Uskenbay — 2024-12-08

The article is devoted to the study of the historical geography of Jochi's military campaigns in the medieval Qazaq steppe. The eldest son of Genghis Khan, Jochi, participated in all the main military campaigns of the Mongolian troops. He led independent military campaigns against the "forest peoples" of Siberia, and together with his younger brothers led military detachments during the conquest of the cities of the Jin Empire. Nevertheless, he fully demonstrated his military talent in the war against the Kipchaks and Kangly, who settled in the modern territory of Qazaqstan. This region, called "Dasht-i Qypshaq" in medieval sources, was conquered thanks to the efforts of Jochi even before the start of the military campaign against the state of the Khorezmshahs. The article shows the process of gradual conquest of the Qazaq steppe by Jochi's troops. Several main geographical points of the conquest are highlighted, which are associated with the main river arteries of Dasht-i Qypshaq. The first stop of Jochi's troops in Qazaqstan was the Irtysh River in Eastern Qazaqstan , where they fought the Merkit army. The defeated Merkit fled further west and united with the Qypshaqs to once again oppose Jochi. Jochi's actions in Western Qazaqstan were concentrated on the Zhem and Yrgyz Rivers. Two battles with the Qypshaqs and the army of Khorezmshah Muhammad took place here. In 1219, Jochi's troops joined the main forces of Genghis Khan and participated in the conquest of cities on the Syr Darya and then besieged the capital of Khorezm, the city of Urgench. After the fall of Urgench, Jochi continued the war with the Qypshaqs and reached the Zhaiyk River. In 1223, he returned to the Syr Darya in Southern Qazaqstan and from there, after hunting with his father in the area of Qulanbasi, he went to the Irtysh. Here in Eastern Qazaqstan was the center of his new possessions, stretching from the Irtysh in the east to Zhaiyk in the west.

Belarus – Kazakhstan: opportunities for university cooperation of historians (To the anniversary of the academician of the Academy of History and Social Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Doctor of History (DHis), Full Professor Tlegen Sadykovich Sadykov)

Veronika Skok — 2024-12-08

The article is devoted to study the experience of international cooperation of historical faculties between Belarusian State Pedagogical University named after Maxim Tank and L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Much credit in establishing friendly relations between structural subdivisions of the universities goes to the Academician T.S. Sadykov, a distinguished member of the Academy of History and Social Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, a Professor and a Doctor of Historical Sciences. His life and work are not just an example to follow but also a moral guide for the future generation. The objective of the work is studying the potential of developing bilateral Belarusian-Kazakh relations of university historians. The materials of the study are presented by the documents from the authors’ personal archives. The authors come to a conclusion that friendly and constructive Belarusian-Kazakh relations, thanks to balanced national policy and international dialogue conducted by Belarusian and Kazakh governments, should continue being among the promising areas of international cooperation of the two countries. This is especially relevant for the systems of higher historical education of the two countries.

Factors of formation of socio-cultural identity of Kazakh intelligentsia in the Imperial period (mid-19th – early 20th centuries)

Zhanar Absattarova — 2024-12-08

The article presents an analysis of the factors that shaped the socio-cultural identity of Kazakh intelligentsia during the imperial period. It draws upon the biographies of leaders from tribal steppe aristocracies and subjects of socio-political discourse from the mid-19th to early 20th centuries. It is established that the indigenous aristocracy in the circumstances of Russian colonization sought to preserve its status through contacts and merger with the imperial bureaucracy and state power. The policy of overcoming cultural differences in the practical activities of the imperial authorities was realized in relation to the indigeneous population by means of addressing Russian educational practices to the steppe aristocracy, which was considered as a tool of its incorporation into society. At the same time, the identity of the Kazakh aristocracy, which was formed in the sphere of influence of Russian educational institutions, had a dual character, which was conditioned by the complex socio-political and cultural context of internal colonization: the resettlement movement in the Steppe region, liberal reforms and counter-reforms, the growth of social consciousness, political and national radicalism. Being included in the system of administrative, military, socio-political processes taking place in the Russian Empire in the period under study, performing the functions of imperial experts and demonstrating servility to the state regime, representatives of the aristocratic elite were acutely aware of their involvement in the culture and behavior strategies of their compatriots, which contributed to the spread of anti-colonial, partly anti-Russian sentiments, strengthening national identity.

On the issue of the amnesty for the pregnant and having young children women prisoners from the Gulag: implementation of the Decree of August 26, 1950.

Zauresh Saktaganova — 2024-12-08

The article examines the implementation of Decree No. 0589/183c of August 26, 1950 on the amnesty of pregnant women and women with young children from the Gulag. This amnesty is considered in the context of previous similar amnesties. A brief overview is given of the state of the Gulag system in the late 1940s and early 1950s, as well as the economic and social situation in the USSR during this period. The stages of implementation of the amnesty, the number and contingent of women released are analyzed. An overview of the interaction of the structures implementing the amnesty is given: the leadership of the camps, the prosecutor's office, and the district departments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Based on the reviewed archival materials, conclusions were drawn about changes in the assessment of crimes, from the point of view of their danger to the state: the contingent that was not released by the amnesty were women convicted for the economic crimes, mainly convicted by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of June 4, 1947, while women convicted as members of the families of traitors to the Motherland were given the opportunity to be released. The tasks set by the amnesty of August 26, 1950 were not fully realized due to the difficulties in the interaction of the structures that carried it out. About 5% of the total number of women with young children outside the camp remained in prison.

Assessment of the Value Levels of the Categories of Cultural Heritage, Cultural Landscape, and Cultural Tourism from an Interdisciplinary Perspective (based on Alakol lake)

Zhuldyzay Kishkenbaeva — 2024-12-24

This article explores the epistemological challenges of interpreting local knowledge through the theoretical framework of the cultural landscape of Alakol. It emphasizes an interdisciplinary approach, integrating historical, regional, and cultural studies within a philosophical-cultural context. By applying a cultural philosophy perspective, the article expands traditional disciplinary boundaries, enabling a broader understanding of the cultural landscape beyond a regional case study. It also examines the potential of UNESCO’s methodological approach to cultural landscape description for enhancing Alakol’s tourism appeal.

The concepts from heritage philosophy and the philosophy of cultural landscapes to assess trends in evaluating the value of cultural heritage. It has been explored how these approaches can redefine cultural heritage as a cohesive system. Central to the discussion are key terms such as “cultural heritage”, “cultural landscape”, and “cultural tourism” with a focus on their interconnections, classifications, and criteria. Additionally, the article investigates the role of cultural heritage and landscapes in tourism, the importance of their integration for cultural tourism development, and their impact on local well-being. The analysis of Alakol’s cultural landscape potential identifies strengths and challenges for promoting cultural tourism and increasing interest in the region.This article explores the epistemological challenges of interpreting local knowledge through the theoretical framework of the cultural landscape of Alakol lake. It emphasizes an interdisciplinary approach, integrating historical, regional, and cultural studies within a philosophical-cultural context. By applying a cultural philosophy perspective, the article expands traditional disciplinary boundaries, enabling a broader understanding of the cultural landscape beyond a regional case study. It also examines the potential of UNESCO’s methodological approach to cultural landscape description for enhancing Alakol’s tourism appeal. The concepts from heritage philosophy and the philosophy of cultural landscapes to assess trends in evaluating the value of cultural heritage. It has been explored how these approaches can redefine cultural heritage as a cohesive system. Key terms such as “cultural heritage”, “cultural landscape”, and “cultural tourism” with a focus on their interconnections, classifications, and criteria have become central to the discussion. Additionally, the article investigates the role of cultural heritage and landscapes in tourism, the importance of their integration for cultural tourism development, and their impact on local well-being. The analysis of Alakol’s cultural landscape potential identifies strengths and challenges for promoting cultural tourism and increasing interest in the region.

Comparative analysis of the effectiveness of the institute of public councils in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan

Zhuldyz Davletbayeva — 2024-12-24

One of the key areas of social philosophy is the study of the interaction between society and the state in the context of the development of democratic institutions. The purpose of this article is a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of public councils in two countries in the region: Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. Specifically, the focus is on the procedures for forming the composition of public councils. The choice of countries is based on their shared historical background, similar political systems, and principles of governance. To achieve this goal, various qualitative data collection methods were employed, including an analysis of the current legislation of both countries, results from focus groups with representatives from government bodies in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, and content analysis of media publications over the past three years. The focus groups were conducted from August to October 2024, in both offline and online formats. The research revealed similarities in the challenges hindering the effective functioning of public councils. However, certain differences were also found, related to both regulatory frameworks and historical contexts. The outcome of this study includes a set of recommendations to enhance the engagement of various categories of citizens in public oversight.

Recent Trends in Social Epistemology. Epistemic Injustice

Assel Mukasheva — 2024-12-24

The second half of the twentieth century is marked for the theory of knowledge by the renewal of many areas and the emergence of new problems. The boom in information theory, linguistics, cybernetics, neurobiology and research into neuropsychological syndromes (conditions caused by brain injury) lead to the emergence of cognitive sciences. At the same time, against the backdrop of disputes between positivist-minded philosophers and post-positivists about demarcation, social epistemology is born. Despite the fact that social epistemology goes back to the sociology of knowledge and is rooted in the history of philosophy, it has revolutionized the corresponding branch of philosophy, created an innovative research program and, thus, a new research field. Research in the field of social epistemology is not limited to the explication of the socio-historical prerequisites of knowledge, but is aimed at clarifying the conditions of production, transmission and dissemination of knowledge in general, not only scientific. Thus, among the popular research areas today there are the epistemology of testimonial knowledge, epistemic disagreement, diversity and relativism, feminist epistemology, epistemology of group knowledge and much more. This article is devoted to the genesis and analysis of one of the newest and most influential concepts in social epistemology – epistemic injustice. The concept of epistemic injustice largely concretizes the knowledge-power relationship, so it can be successfully applied within the framework of postcolonial theory, the theory of new social movements, cultural studies and the philosophy of politics. Thanks to this concept, researchers have access to a new conceptual apparatus and approach to studying modern problems, be it the problems of «counter-expertise» or modern conspiracy theories.

Aestheticization as a macro-process of social and cultural reconstruction of modern society

Aksana Ulanovich — 2024-12-24

Aestheticization is a multidimensional process that occurs in all areas of social space and is outwardly manifested as the reconstruction of social relations, social practices and knowledge through emphasizing expressive features of their forms. Definitions of aesthetization suggested by different scientists are based, as a rule, on the study of particular manifestations of the process (e.g., aestheticization of politics, history, sports, suffering, violence, war, etc.). This gives rise to fragmentation and discreteness of the existing vision of aestheticization and generates misunderstanding of the scale and depth of the social changes taking place today. Integrative and interdisciplinary approaches to the study of aestheticization, as well as addressing the broad social context of its manifestations, allowed us to offer a comprehensive scientific understanding of the phenomenon as a macro-process. Its essence lies in the construction and dissemination of aesthetically attractive, sensually expressive forms of the physical and social beingness of a person and society, which is fostering some values and meanings and setting some social order in the society with relevant worldview and ideology. In the article we present and describe a model of how aestheticization is manifested. In this model we identify four dimensions of aestheticization in the hierarchy of levels of its incarnation in the social space: sensory-perceptual, metaphysical, myth-generating and ideological. Aestheticization liberalizes organic pleasure and freedom in the sensual, cultivates the illusion of presence, disseminates in society mass forms of pseudo-reality, shapes new mythological thinking and, thereby, embodies a new ideology.

The problem of spiritual alienation in modern society: a philosophical analysis

Nazgul Bolatbekova — 2024-12-24

The article is aimed at philosophical discussion of the topic of alienation in order to contribute to the improvement of social consciousness and the creation of a spiritually perfect society. Alienation is a phenomenon that is constantly accompanied by the development of society, humanity, it is a topical philosophical problem in the era of globalisation, technological progress and changes in the socio-cultural sphere. Philosophical analysis is of great importance, allowing a complex-systemic study of this problem. The research examines spiritual alienation as a complicated socio-philosophical problem. A contradictory, changing society reveals the causes and consequences of human dissatisfaction with the environment in which they find themselves. In today's rapidly changing society, individuals often experience a sense of disconnection from their environment, leading to a growing prevalence of spiritual alienation. This phenomenon can be attributed to the accelerated pace of social life, which has resulted in modern individuals feeling a growing sense of alienation from society, the environment, and the meaning of existence. Analysing the views of prominent representatives of different periods of philosophy on the issue of spiritual about alienation, a definition is given by revealing the distinction between the concepts of spirituality and spiritual. It is important that a person can consciously manage himself according to his inner self, to his spirituality. The problem of alienation in the modern society – the loss of spiritual connection with him/herself and the environment – has been identified by axiological analysis, which shows that in the era of technological progress, virtual reality, social networks and constant presence on the Internet deepen under the influence of the renunciation of real life, taking the human into the world of illusion. The factors contributing to spiritual alienation are analyzed in the paper, value strategies and programs aimed at minimizing spiritual alienation and creating ways of conscious spiritual development are formulated.

The psychosocial aspects of the pilgrimage phenomenon

Feride Kamalova — 2024-12-24

This article from the position of philosophy of religion is devoted to showing the psychological and social significance of the phenomenon of pilgrimage, relevant both at the world level and in Kazakhstan society. In particular, it aims to reveal the nature of pilgrims' prayers and wishes, pilgrimage rituals and the level of religious knowledge. The aim of the article is to analyze empirical data on traditions and practices of pilgrimage to holy places in Kazakhstan to go to the study of mutual influence of pilgrims and holy places from the point of view of psychology and philosophy of religion, determination of feelings, thoughts and expectations of pilgrims. Comparative analysis is conducted and religious, phenomenological, psychosocial research methods are used as methodology. The work is important from a scientific and practical point of view, because the results obtained allow us to determine the philosophy of psychosocial meaning of the tradition of pilgrimage to holy places. As the main result of the research work, it was determined that pilgrimage is carried out based on three principles: performing pilgrimage and paying respect to the spirits of ancestors by consecrating the Qur'an; esoteric pilgrimage based on faith in the mystical power and mystical value of the holy place; sacred pilgrimage for physical and spiritual purification, acceptance of holy places as erophanic space, erotopic place, feeling of the holiness of this place.

Saints of the kazakh steppe: traditions and continuity

Abzal Omirbay — 2024-12-24

This article investigates the phenomenon of saints (auliye), their significance and role in Kazakh culture. As the theoretical base, the philosophy of culture is used, where auliye are considered one of the important factors for shaping intellectual traditions of the Kazakh Steppe. This article covers the topic of social and cultural roles of auliye and their significance for cultural memory, using a large empirical data gathered in Turkestan. Also the article analyses the possible reasons of forgetting, displacing and revitalisation in the socio-political context of events that happened in the XX century. The complex problems of mutual impact between Islam and nomadic Turks’ worldview, and conditions under which the knowledge of auliye was replaced, are discussed. It is stated that there has been a continuing research for philosophical foundations for the role of sacred and religious characteristics of cultural memory, since gaining Independence. By exploring the origins of saints (auliye) from cultural regions of Turkestan, the analysis of the network features of distribution is given. The article demonstrates how examined auliye were interconnected with other other, and what kind of role their activities played in forming intellectual, including religious, traditions of this region. In this context, a retrospective analysis of auliye’s biographies discloses the sacred geography phenomenon of Kazakhstan.

The analysis of the linguistic and philosophical paradigms based on the concept of discourse in the academic study of religion

Arailym Abubakirova — 2024-12-14

The article provides an overview of existing definitions, research and achievements in the field of linguistics and philosophy concerning the concept of discourse. Additionally, it offers a new analysis of discourse as a philosophical-linguistic phenomenon and paradigm. A review of studies on the concept and term "discourse" is provided, and the history of the formation of the concept of discourse analysis as a separate direction is analyzed. The directions of application of discourse as a term and concept in the context of modern science are shown. It also defines the philosophical aspect on the basis of the works of M. Foucault. In this regard, Foucault's theories also examine discourse as a coercive principle that causes people to feel fear and apprehension, as a great force that regulates inconsistencies, and as a tool for creating restrictive, and regulating processes. The rules on which discursive laws are based are considered, and their role in the formation of communicative competence is analyzed. The influence of extralinguistic features of discourse has been studied. The differences and connections between the macro and micro levels of the structure of the discourse are shown. An explanation and classification of discursive modes are given, their features are described. Schools conducting discursive research are shown and an overview of their methods is given. Attention is drawn to the importance and characteristics of oral discourse. The role of discourse in the establishment of linguistic communication is considered and conclusions are drawn.

The state and religious organizations in Кazakhstan in the 1940s-1990s: methodological aspects of studying the problem and systematization of source

Galya Аytpaeva — 2024-12-14

The state and religious confessions are the most important institutions of socio-political development of society, and the nature of the interaction of these institutions to a certain extent is an indicator of the civilization of society. The study and substantiation of the methodology for studying the interaction of the state and religious organizations in historical retrospect is relevant from the point of view of the need to generalize practical experience and extract lessons from the past. The theoretical and methodological basis for the study of state-religious relations in historical retrospect can be the principles of civilizational, institutional and interdisciplinary approaches. Each of them allows us to objectively and dynamically consider the evolution of interaction between the state and faiths in Kazakhstan in 1940-1990, to understand the cause-and-effect conditionality of the transformation of state religious policy, to identify and characterize regional specifics in the context of country-wide modernization processes, to summarize the regional historical experience of interaction between the state and religious organizations. The concept of cultural adaptation explains the mechanisms of habilitation of believers to changing political and legal realities.

Dhikr as a Psychological Method of Summoning Mystical States in Sufism

Khuzhageldy Alimov — 2024-12-14

The article describes some of the features of dhikr as one of the psychological methods of invoking mystical states (khal). As is widely recognized, tasawwuf is a state of human self-improvement (salika) under the guidance of a murshid. The process of self-perfection cannot be imagined without the participation of the mystical hal. The mystical hal is manifested in the form of emotional states such as joy and longing, peace and embarrassment and enters the hearts (kalb) of spiritual "travelers", i.e. saliks. The origin of the mystical khal depends on Allah, only he can give salik a certain khal. But there are certain ways in which the mystical hal is invoked. It is necessary to take into account one circumstance that the salik can use these methods, but whether he will feel the mystical hal in himself or not depends on Allah. These psychological methods of invoking mystical hal include dhikr, hilvat (seclusion), samo (dance), etc. In this article, dhikr is considered as one of the psychological methods of acquiring mystical hal. Dhikr is a Sufi meditative spiritual practice, which consists in repeated recitation of a prayer formula containing the glorification of God. Dhikr in the Naqshbandiya tariqah is the main way to acquire mystical states. We know that the main soliks from different tariqats used “zikri alonia” in the prktik, that is dhikri jahriya (carried out with the help of a voice). For example, in the tariqah of Khoja Ahmad Yassaviya, “dhikri arra” was used, that is, one of the types of "zikri zhakhriya". As is well documented, in the tariqat of Mavlaviya, the founder of which is Jalalidin Rumi, samo was used in the implementation of dhikr, i.e. a mystical dance. Soliks, some of the Attributes of Allah or Kalimai tawhid (Lo ilaha illalloh) sang like a song and danced, with the help of which they caused mystical states in themselves. It should be noted that such a practice was difficult for the common population. In the Naqshbandiyya tariqat, “zikri khufiya” was used, i.e. dhikr is carried out without the use of voice. Bahouddin Naqshband said that there are two types of dhikr: dhikri zhakhriya and dhikri khufiya. In view of the fact that dhikri khufiya balo is better than dhikri zhakhriya, the disciples of Naqshbandiy used dhikr khufiya. What is its psychological advantage in relation to dhikri zhahriya? The fact that the practice of dhikri zhahriya could be applied in certain places. Zikri khufiya is carried out under any conditions. Secondly, those who practice dhikri zhahriya, comparing themselves with those who do not do dhikr, may develop a sense of self-love. This is contrary to the basic rules of self-improvement. In the history of Sufism, it is written that the founder of the Khojagon tariqa, Abdukholik Gijhivani, taught Khidr alayhissals to use dhikr in an odd order. Dzhzhivani and his disciples used dhikri khufiya in practice. But after it, dhikri jahriya began to be used. This was until the time of Amir Said Kulol, who was approached by his disciple Bahouddin Naqshband regarding the use of dhikri khufiya. Amir Said Kulol refused, but did not forbid his student to use dhikri khufiya. Thus, since the time of Bahouddin Naqshband, the Naqshbandiya tariqat soliki has been using dhikri khufiya in the practice. The advantageous side of the dhikri khufiya is that the people had the opportunity to use dhikr at any place, i.e. at the workplace, on a trip, in a family, where he is mentally free. In short, the soliks had the opportunity to use dhikr on a regular basis. This rule is the reason why the Naqshbandiya tariqah has become tenacious.

Methods interpreting mutashabih verses

Murat Omarov — 2024-12-14

To ensure the preservation of religious identity and the socio-political harmony of society in contemporary settings, it is crucial to explore methods for accurately interpreting the Quranic verses, which form the foundation of our traditional beliefs, while addressing both theoretical and practical aspects. Contemporary religious scholars highlight the importance of investigating the unity of spiritual experiences, knowledge, and consciousness, alongside a proper comprehension of the Quranic verses and their implications. The scientific examination of sacred texts is fundamental for protecting society from misleading foreign religious ideologies and for establishing sound religious principles and belief systems. In this research, the authors analyzed the perspectives of ahlisunna scholars on anthropomorphic texts and investigated the connection between theological verses of the Quran and the fields of linguistics, rhetoric, and semantics. Emphasis was placed on concepts such as muhkam and mutashabih, along with various interpretations of mutashabih texts. The study identified methods for interpreting verses related to the attributes of the Creator and unveiled the reasons behind their varied interpretations. The perspectives of Kalam scholars on mutashabih texts were also articulated.

Features of the Prophet Muhammad in public administration

Nurbolat Sembiuly — 2024-12-14

The content of the article is devoted to the events of the resettlement of the Prophet Muhammad to the city of Medina and the establishment of the Islamic state there. The article provides historical data on how the Prophet solved the problems of forming a state and governing the people, as well as on the systematic work he carried out on the path of spreading the religion of Islam. Since its inception, Islam has been a universal religion and has been recognized as the last and most perfect religion for all mankind. The last Prophet of the last religion ruled a strong and just state, possessing the qualities of tolerance, justice, diligence, honesty, sincerity, prudence, cooperation and kindness. After the Prophet Muhammad moved from Mecca to Medina, he was able to conclude a common agreement with the various ethnic groups of the city and set an example of fair governance. The Messenger of Allah never wavered in his loyalty to this agreement and perfectly fulfilled all his obligations and conditions. This example of governing the country, left by the Prophet, and the inherent dignity of governing the country have not lost their relevance to this day. At the same time, it is written about the leadership qualities of the Prophet, about the system that the Prophet created in accordance with the principles of Islam and democratic principles, as well as about the peculiarities of public administration.